Public housing provides housing with low rents and deposits to low-income households to help them stabilize housing issues, ensure a residential environment, and ease the burden of housing expenses. However, residents of public housing feel the housing cost burden, even though their rent is low. Since the housing cost burden is an important factor that greatly affects stability and quality of life, there is criticism about the effectiveness of public housing policy regarding housing welfare. Therefore, identifying whether the burden of housing costs for public housing residents has actually been eased is essential. Numerous studies on the housing cost burden have been conducted using RIR (Rent-to-Income Ratio). However, the 'burden' of residents is a subjective factor, and thus, it is difficult to measure through the amount of housing expenses alone. With this perspective, we analyzed the relationship between the subjective and objective burden of housing costs by focusing on the residents of public housing in Seoul. We used the 'Seoul Public Housing Tenants Panel Survey' and employed an ordered probit panel model with random effects. Our findings show a linear relationship between the subjective and objective burden of housing costs of people who pay a monthly rent. This means households living in public housing with monthly rent still feel the housing cost burden. However, there was no relationship between RIR and subjective housing cost burden for "jeonse" households. Lastly, the relationship between RIR and subjective housing cost burden varies by income level. Policymakers need to consider differentiated policies by income and type of occupancy because residents feel the housing cost burden. In particular, policymakers must reduce some income groups' housing cost burden to minimize public housing residents' housing cost burden efficiently.

The low fertility rate is a serious social problem in Korean society and can be attributed to the high housing cost burden. The government provides public rental housing to ease the housing cost burden and households in public housing benefit from affordable rent. Households that move into public rental housing are believed to have reduced housing cost burdens. Therefore, housing costs will not likely affect their fertility intention. Additionally, empirical research examining the relationship between public rental housing cost burden and childbirth is limited because of insufficient data. To overcome these limitations, this study utilized a panel survey of public rental housing residents in Seoul conducted by the Urban Research Institute of the Seoul Housing and Urban Corporation and used a panel logit model. We analyzed the effect of housing cost burden on the willingness to have children, targeting married women of childbearing age between 19 and 49. The analysis showed that the housing cost burden affects fertility intention even when couples reside in public rental housing. Although the effects are not the same when categorizing the participants by their age, monthly income, number of children, and type of public rental housing, the direction of the effect remains the same. This result shows that easing the housing cost burden by supplying public rental housing to households did not positively affect the willingness to give birth.

The purpose of this study is to identify and compare the factors relating to subjective housing cost burden and objective housing cost burden for households living in public rental housing in Seoul and receiving housing benefits. The conclusions based on the analysis are as follows. First, complex factors influencing the burden of housing costs in both subjective and objective aspects were derived for households receiving housing benefits living in public rental housing. This suggests that in order to successfully devise a housing cost burden mitigation policy to improve qualitative housing welfare, it is necessary to consider not only quantitative aspects but also subjective perceptions that vary according to socio-demographic attributes and residential environment evaluation. Second, it is confirmed that living expenses have a direct effect as an objective housing cost burden factor. However, living expenses did not appear as a subjective housing cost burden factor. Considering that the offset relationship with living expenses is reflected in the objective housing cost burden factor, it is believed that the objective housing cost mitigation policy will be effective for the housing stability of low-income families. Third, there is a need for a qualitative housing welfare policy that considers rental types and regional characteristics of public rental housing. If housing is supplied with consideration to the institutional and spatial characteristics of public rental housing in Seoul, it is expected that the burden of subjective and objective housing costs can be reduced preemptively. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for housing stability for lowincome families with relatively low income among residents of public rental housing

This paper explores the socioeconomic effects of land value capture as a means of funding affordable housing, focusing on inclusionary zoning. A systematic literature review was conducted by identifying and screening previous studies using the keyword “inclusionary zoning” or “inclusionary housing,” resulting in a final selection of 22 studies. The review reveals that inclusionary zoning is an effective tool for supplying affordable housing to low- and middle-income households, particularly in urban areas with high accessibility to public transportation and employment opportunities. However, private developers may circumvent regulations by reducing the scale of their development projects, or by shifting their projects to areas where regulations are not enforced. This can cause discrepancies between supply and demand in the housing submarkets and lead to an increase in housing prices. To prevent this, the review suggests that providing adequate incentives to encourage voluntary private participation is crucial. Additionally, the review highlights that a supply of affordable housing needs to be provided under the urban planning system. This corroborates previous studies that emphasize the link between housing policy and urban planning through local government-led spatial planning. Further discussions are needed to ensure a sufficient supply of buy-to-rent public housing in areas with locational advantages, where high-rise apartments are being constructed. This will help prevent low- and middle-income households from being driven out to the urban periphery and promote the creation of a more inclusive society.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of the individual, household, and regional characteristics of public rental housing residents in Seoul on long time commuting and derive policy implications based on the findings. The study yielded several important conclusions. First, characteristics such as long time commuting can serve as an objective indicator to evaluate the quality of housing welfare in public rental housing. Second, when using indicators, such as long time commuting to represent urban activity characteristics in policies related to public rental housing, it is recommended to consider the hierarchical structure of individual, household, and regional characteristics. Finally, this study's findings can be used as a foundation for the development of customized rental housing supply policies, based on the characteristics of individuals and households that affect long time commuting for residents in public rental housing in Seoul.

In terms of housing welfare, various efforts are being made in high-quality public housing for individual households. However, discussions on the economic independence of public housing residents on the housing ladder continue with respect to positive aspects such as income redistribution and negative aspects such as poverty traps and moral hazard. Therefore, this study analyzed the characteristics of public housing based on the panel survey data of residents in public housing organized by the Seoul Housing & Communities Corporation in 2016 and 2019, and identified quantitative changes in the economic status of residential households. Based on these results, an influential relationship was identified on how the characteristics of public housing affect the economic improvement of residential households. It was found that the economic level of households living in public housing is increasing. In households below the minimum standard of housing, it was found that the lower the residential satisfaction, the more positive was the household's economic improvement. This can be understood as causing the positive effect of the redistribution of income in public housing in Seoul, while at the same time risking households falling into the poverty trap and moral hazard. This study is meaningful in that it identifies how characteristics of public housing in Seoul impact the economic improvement of households and presents specific policy implications for establishing a sustainable virtuous cycle system in public housing.