The objective of this study is to explain the policy changes in heavy property tax that led to the introduction of the Land Excess-Profit Tax (LEPT) in 1989 and the Comprehensive Real Estate Holding Tax (CREHT) in 2005, based on the theory of gradual institutional change. Both the LEPT and the CREHT are grounded in the public concept of land, which holds that speculative rent should be absorbed by the public. However, the specific forms of these policies have gradually changed through a process of conversion, drift, and layering. The LEPT, one of the three laws embodying this public concept, was introduced in 1989 by the Roh Tae-woo government through conversion. However, tax resistance emerged as a side effect because the operation did not fulfill its original purpose, leading to its abolition in 1997 due to the IMF's foreign exchange crisis. It was then converted into the CREHT in 2005 by the Roh Moo-hyun government. The CREHT strengthened the existing comprehensive land tax to replace the unconstitutional LEPT and differed from the LEPT by imposing taxes on excess property tax bases. Nevertheless, it faced neutralization due to tax resistance, and an unconstitutional ruling by the Constitutional Court during the Lee Myung-bak administration. It has since been repeatedly tightened and loosened by successive governments. The concept of heavy property tax, initially a rent tax based on the public concept of land, has primarily been used to curb speculation during periods of rapidly rising real estate prices. Compared to the LEPT, the CREHT demonstrated institutional flexibility by adjusting the function of heavy taxation as needed and was used to curb real estate speculation and tax the wealthy. Even if the CREHT is repealed, the idea of heavy property tax could potentially be absorbed into the existing property tax system.

  히스토릭 데이터는 문화적 특성의 기록뿐 아니라 과거의 여러 환경적인 조건의 변화를 평가하고 파악하는데 그 연결을 제공한다는 점에서 토지경영 및 도시환경 계획 시 매우 중요한 자산이다. 이러한 히스토릭 데이터는 최근 자료구조 및 지리좌표 정보 등에 부합되기 위한 변환과정을 요하며, 이러한 과정은 히스토릭 데이터의 보전과 더불어 과거자료의 효과적인 이용에 있어 매우 중요하다.
  이 연구는 U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Lab으로부터 수탁 되어진 연구주제로 히스토릭 항공사진의 이용과 보전을 위한 방법을 평가하고, 환경적 요소 등의 차를 정확히 평가할 수 있는 최근 Color IR Imagery 데이터와의 결합을 통해 그 활용적용 가능성 및 방안에 관한 연구이다.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of management policy by looking at changes in land fragmentation in non-urban areas. This study defines and analyzes the phenomena of land fragmentation and sprawl in non-urban areas, which are critical in the policy. We have examined changes in land patterns before and after the period when the Segmentation of Control areas policy was enforced. We selected Hwaseong City as the subject of the research and then focused on the Used-Areas, one of the seven categories in the Land Cover Maps of 2001, 2007, 2009, and 2014, to examine the changes in land-cover fragmentation patterns. Fragstats program was used to quantitatively analyze the fragmentation pattern of land. Through a literature review, we selected seven indices related to (1) the size and the number of land patches, (2) the patch shape and complexity, and (3) the isolation and connection caused by fragmentation. Quantitative values were used to investigate the changes in value before and after 2008. The indices related to the size and the number of the land patches in the Used-Areas show that there were more subdivisions and smaller developments after 2008 than before. The shapes of patches became more complex after the policy period but one thing to note is that the values don’t have a dynamic range. The values of the indices related to isolation and connectivity indicate that more patches were isolated and had less connection in 2009–2014 than in 2001–2007. These results show that sporadic development of small scale has continued to occur even after the implementation of the Segmentation of Control areas policy.

This study examined the impact of urban building and land use characteristics on land surface temperature (LST) by using a dataset defined at the zip-code district level. Zip-code districts are a suitable unit of analysis, as they are determined based on similarities in land use and building properties, which define urban development characteristics. Analyses using spatial regression models showed that the increase in the values of variables related to the heights of the buildings was associated with lower LST values in both summer and winter. In addition, the proportion of green areas was negatively correlated with the summer LST, when plants had the largest leaf areas, whereas it did not significantly correlate with the winter LST. Meanwhile, building density and the proportion of commercial area contributed to the increased LST of districts. Such results indicate that the LST in an apartment complex, which is a common housing type in South Korea, is normally lower than that in areas with detached single-family housing. The research findings provide implications for establishing sustainable urban development plans.

There are many studies on factors that affect transportation. According to previous studies, land use and policies are among such factors. However, studies related to personal mobility vehicles, which are increasingly attracting attention as a new means of transportation, are still relatively insufficient. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed how land-use characteristics and personal mobility vehicle-related regulation-strengthening policies affect shared personal mobility. For independent variables, we considered land-use characteristics and access to public transportation. We set the amount of shared personal mobility usage in the morning, afternoon, and evening as dependent variables, and performed regression analysis. We set the time frame of this study at 45 days before and 45 days after the strengthening of the regulation. In addition, we analyzed the spatial range in Gangseo and Yangcheon districts, Seoul, and Goyang, Gyeonggi Province. We found that land-use characteristics had a significant effect on shared personal mobility users according to the time of day. In addition, we identified different influencing factors on shared personal mobility before and after the regulation. Our analysis is expected to provide basic data necessary to examine the correlation between transportation, policy, and land use.

This study presents models for trip generation and distribution of car-sharing services based on So-car’s operation history data, GIS building integrated information, and public transportation information for 5 days during weekdays in Seoul metropolitan areas. Based on the trip generation model, the numbers of workers and students, total areas of commerce, business, education, and cultural facilities, as well as the density of subway stations showed positive (+) correlations, but the density of bus stops showed a negative (−) correlation. It was confirmed that the use rate of car sharing increased as accessibility to public transportation was lower in the case of outer areas of the city without subway stations. The adjusted R2 of the trip generation model for car-sharing was calculated as 0.587–0.637, thus confirming that the explanatory power of the model is high. By constructing the trip distribution model for car sharing by time zone based on the existing gravity model, the explanatory power of the model (adjusted R2) was calculated to be as high as 0.869–0.966, and the modified trip distribution model for car sharing reflected the generalization costs of taxi and public transportation. It was confirmed that as the generalization costs of taxis and public transportation increased, the utilization rate of car sharing increased.

  이 연구는 쇼핑과 위락통행에서 거주지 주변의 토지이용패턴과 가구단위 자동차 통행거리간 인과관계를 구체적으로 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 휴스턴 대도시지역을 대상으로 가구통행 조사 자료와 토지이용 자료를 활용하였다. 또한 관측 변수들간 인과관계를 밝히는 새로운 방법인 Directed Acyclic Sraphs(DACs)를 적용하여 결과를 분석하고 정책적 함의를 도출하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 통행가구의 거주지 주변 인구밀도, 토지이용 혼합도와 도로 네트워크 등 세 가지 차원의 토지이용 모두 가구의 총통행거리에 직접적인 인과관게를 나타내고 있다. 또한 토지이용 밀도, 다양성과 디자인 변수 모두 가구단위 총통행거리를 감소시키는 효과를 나타낸다. 둘째, 토지이용 변수는 자동차 통행발생과 인과관계를 보이지 않는 반면, 통행비용 (USD/㎞)과는 직접적 인과관계를 나타낸다. 셋째, 가구단위 통행거리에 대한 전통적인 회귀분석 결과는 가구의 통행거리 감소에 대한 토지이용 효과 측면에서 DAS 결과를 기반으로 하는 분석결과에 비해 과다하게 추정되고 있다. 본 연구는 대도시지역의 토지이용 특성이 가구의 자동차 통행거리를 감소시킴으로써 자동차 이용 증가로 인해 발생하는 대기오염과 에너지 소비를 감소시키는데 효과적인 정책이라는 사실 뒷받침한다.