저자 : 진장익

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저자 : 변창흠, 이석희

The aim of this paper is twofold: to evaluate the significance and the outcomes of recent discussions on the public concept of land, and to suggest new policies for its application to practice. So far, public concept of land has only been discussed as a justification for employing price-stabilizing regulations or tax instruments in periods of rapid housing price growth. Therefore, the concept is often the subject of partisan endorsement or opposition, but rarely assessed for its justness through a concerted reflection on the fundamental nature of land ownership or for its feasibility as a basis for long-term policy planning. Although the amount of unearned income from land is estimated at about 61~487 trillion won every year, development gains are only redeemed at the rate of 0.1~8.8%, which means that the majority of the profits have gone to private entities. In the past 10 years, many of the measures for recapturing unearned income have either been rescinded or contracted. For establishing the public character of land, a key requisite is the consensus that unearned income in even the broadest sense ought to be collected and redistributed for public needs. Today, public concept of land can no longer be realized through unitary policy approaches; contradicting the orthodoxies of both the Georgists and the free-market liberalists, neither land taxes nor increases in land supply will work in isolation. Public concept of land can only be realized through a comprehensive package of policy measures, which include the de-commodification of land, the separation of development rights from land ownership, instatement of the concept of collective ownership of land and housing, and interventions in land ownership through planning and regulation.

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저자 : 김용창

This paper investigates the historical limits of modern property rights and capitalist landed property which can not escape the clutches of modern thoughts of property right, and suggests alternative forms of land property rights on the viewpoint of individual property based on co-operation and the possession in common of the land and of the means of production. At first modern thoughts of property right is explored from the point of view of labor theory and economic analysis of property rights. Second, this paper argues the historical limits of capitalist private property according to transformation to commons-based peer production, network society, and anticommons. Third, the conceptual differences between the property rights of the Constitution and the private ownership of Civil Law are identified. Also this paper identifies major issues around the land problems in Korea in terms of property rights as a basic human rights, property rights formation and guarantees, public use of land and social obligations. Finally, this paper suggests that property rights based on personhood and basic right for subsistence, and common-property resource management, property-owning democracy are required for the new alternatives of future landed property.

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저자 : 김윤상

“Public concept of land” is a perception that land, compared with privately produced goods, needs more public concerns and regulations. As real estate is probably one of the most important factors to have caused unjust economic inequality in recent decades, there have been hot debates on various land policy options. Henry George, an American land reformer in 19th century, suggested collection of land rent for public revenue can solve the problem. There have been, however, numerous critiques and doubts concerning his solution. This paper deals with three serious and important Korean critics, Kwak Tae-Won, Kim Chung-Ho and Lee Jae-Yul. The conclusion of the review is that not only their critics and doubts are either irrelevant or groundless but also the public collection of land rent is necessary for distributive justice as well as for economic efficiency of land market. The paper also proposes a practical measure, called Land Value Tax with Interest Deduction (LVT-ID) as an alternative to the full Land Value Tax (LVT) suggested by Henry George. The LVT-ID eradicates real estate speculation like the LVT, but it protects current landowners by preserving land price unlike the LVT which makes land price fall down to zero.

• 대한국토·도시계획학회
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저자 : 이혁주

Apartment prices in Seoul have been well over four times its supply price for the last twenty years, while undermining the housing affordability of lower income households. We attribute the exorbitant prices to density control and reject the popular claim that they were caused, in particular, by greedy speculation for land and housing. Using mathematical models and the existing literature, we argue that the stringent density control as practiced in Seoul is not compatible with the planning values of equity, compact development, housing affordability, efficiency, and economic growth. This sweeping conclusion largely follows from the fact that density control inside Seoul encourages metrowide sprawl and that densification inside Seoul is socioeconomically and environmentally cheaper than the sprawled development. Consequently, density control inside Seoul goes against the general direction of smart growth. This implies that with no deregulation of the density control, strengthening the publicness of land alone would fail to break up the very mechanism generating the non-smart growth.

• 대한국토·도시계획학회
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저자 : 한국토지주택공사 세종특별본부, KPA 행정중심복합도시 기획조정단, 행정중심복합도시건설청, 주범

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저자 : 왕경순, 이삼수

The United States has endured population shrinkage following neighborhood decline that has created challenging planning and policy issues since the 2000s. This study examines the policies of federal, state, and local governments in the United States in response to the problem of shrinking cities with a particular focus on housing vacancy, which is currently impacting neighborhoods in South Korea, and discusses several initial implications for urban regeneration here. In the United States, while federal efforts addressing housing vacancy have primarily been channeled through the Neighborhood Stabilization Program, local efforts have largely been responsible for establishing regeneration programs that have taken place via diverse policy tools such as land banks, housing vacancy legislation, demolition programs, and redevelopment incentives for neighborhood stability. We discuss several implications for urban regeneration in South Korea through the establishment of systematic principles for the classification of shrinking cities, the strengthening of the role of land banks in managing vacancies and abandoned properties during economic downturns, and effective collaboration between academicians and practitioners and between central and local governments.

• 대한국토·도시계획학회
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저자 : 김어진, 구자훈

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of land use change by street characteristics of Bukchon and to confirm the difference of change by Bukchon Type 1 District Unit Plan. Existing non-residential use areas and new non-residential use are increasingly dominant. Small commercial use that are closely related to usual life are keep spreading around the street, and areas where commercial use is permitted by the district unit plan are also affected by the existing use, and changes are taking place. The land use changes according to the street hierarchy are as follows: the higher the hierarchy, the wider the width, the more commercial degree, the lower the hierarchy, and the narrower the width, the more residential use is distributed. For the road type, there is a lot of small commercial use in the street where the irregular parcels are distributed, and a lot of cultural uses are distributed around the large parcels such as public institutions and schools. The commercialization of Bukchon, which has a traditional street network, is different from previous researches because it has different characteristics from other regions, so it seeks to see characteristics of land use change in Bukchon.

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